Trabalho e crise ecológica
o dilema ecomodernista no(s) marxismo(s) ocidental(is) (1970s-2000s)
Resumo
Este artigo oferece uma crítica intelectual da ecologia política marxista desenvolvida na Europa Ocidental entre 1970 e 2000, concentrando-se na relação trabalho/ecologia. Minha crítica se baseia na intersecção de dois níveis de análise: (1) a evolução histórica do ambientalismo dos trabalhadores, focando no que chamarei do dilema ecomodernista do trabalho; (2) o significado da política de classe em relação à política do meio ambiente, com foco especial na dialética entre produção/reprodução. Focando na obra de quatro intelectuais marxistas cujas ideias ressonam em vários movimentos sociais do espectro da esquerda (de trabalhadores, ambientalismo, feminismo e decrescimento), o artigo mostra como o atual embrenhamento do trabalho dentro da política da ecomodernização oculta uma série de fraturas internas e visões alternativas da ecologia que precisam ser esmiuçadas a fim de abrir o terreno para um repensar das políticas ecológicas hoje em termos de classe.
Downloads
Referências
ARRUZZA, C. Functionalist, determinist, reductionist: social reproduction feminism and its critics. Science & Society, v. 80, n. 1, p. 9–30, 2016.
BARCA, S. Bread and poison. The story of labor environmentalism in Italy, 1968–1998. In: MELLING, J.; SELLERS, C. (Ed.). Dangerous Trade. Histories of Industrial Hazards across a Globalizing World. Temple University Press, 2012.
BARCA, S. Greening the job. Trade unions, climate change and the political ecology of labour. In: BRYANT, R. (Ed.). International Handbook of Political Ecology. London: Edward Elgar, 2015.
BARCA, S. Laboring the Earth. Transnational reflections on the environmental history of work. Environmental History, v. 19, n. 1, p. 3–27, 2014.
BARCA, S. Pão e veneno: reflexões para uma investigação sobre o ‘ambientalismo do trabalho’ em Itália, 1968-1998. In: Laboreal, Volume 6, Nº2, 2010. Disponível em: https://journals.openedition.org/laboreal/8590. Acesso em: 06 dez. 2024.
BARCA, S. ‘Work, bodies, militancy: the “class ecology” debate in 1970s Italy’. In: BOUDIA, S.; JAS, N. (Ed.). Powerless Science? Science and Politics in a Toxic World. Berghahn Books, 2014b.
BAUHARDT, C. Solutions to the crisis? The green new deal, degrowth, and the solidarity economy: alternatives to the capitalist growth economy from an ecofeminist economics perspective. Ecological Economics, v. 102, p. 60–68, 2014.
BURGMANN, V. From ‘jobs versus environment’ to ‘green-collar jobs’: Australian trade unions and the climate change debate. In: RÄTHZEL, N.; UZZELL, D. (Ed.). Trade Unions in the Green Economy. Routledge, 2013. p. 131–145.
BURKETT, P. Marx and Nature: A Red and Green Perspective. New York: St. Martin’s, 1999.
CLARK, B. Marx’s natures: a response to foster and Burkett. Organization & Environment, v. 14, n. 4, p. 432–442, 2001.
CLARK, B.; YORK, R. Carbon metabolism: global capitalism, climate change, and the biospheric rift. Theory and Society, v. 34, n. 4, p. 391–428, 2005.
COCK, J. The “Green Economy”: a just and sustainable development path or a “Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing”? Global Labour Journal, v. 5, n. 1, p. 23–44, 2014.
CONTI, L. Che cos’è l’ecologia. Capitale, lavoro, ambiente. Mazzotta, 1977.
D’ALISA, G.; DEMARIA, F.; KALLIS, G. Degrowth. A vocabulary for a new era. Routledge, 2014.
DALLA COSTA, M.R. Introduction to the Archive of Feminist Struggle for wages for housework. Viewpoint Magazine, issue 5, October 2015. Disponível em: https://viewpointmag.com/2015/11/02/issue-5-social-reproduction/. Acesso em: 16 dez. 2024.
DALLA COSTA, M.R. The native in us, the Earth we belong to. The Commoner, n. 6, 2003. Disponível em: https://thecommoner.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Mariarosa-Dalla-Costa-The-Native-In-Us-The-Earth-We-Belong-To.pdf. Acesso em: 16 dez. 2024
DELLA PORTA, D.; DIANI, M. Movimenti senza protesta? L'ambientalismo in Italia. Il Mulino, 2004.
DELLA SETA, R. La difesa dell’ambiente in Italia. Franco Angeli, 2000.
ELEY, G. Forging Democracy: The History of the Left in Europe, 1850–2000. Oxford University Press, 2002.
ELEY, G., NIELD, K. Scholarly Controversy: Farewell to the Working Class? International Labor and Working-Class History, No. 57, Spring 2000, pp. 1–30. Disponível em: https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/14895131.pdf. Acesso em: 12 dez. 2024.
EUROPEAN TRADE UNIONS CONFEDERATION (ETUC). Action Programme 2015–2019. 2015. Disponível em: www.etuc.org. Acesso em: 13 dez. 2024.
FELLI, R. An alternative socio-ecological strategy? International trade unions’ engagement with climate change. Review of International Political Economy, v. 21, n. 2, p. 372–398, 2014.
FOSTER, J.B. Marx’s Ecology. Materialism and Nature. Monthly Review Press, 2000.
FOSTER, J.B. The Meaning of Work in a Sustainable Society: A Marxian View. CUSP Essay Series on the Morality of Sustainable Prosperity No 3. 2017, p. 4. Disponível em: http://www.cusp.ac.uk/essay/m1-3/. Acesso em: 13 dez. 2024.
FOSTER, J.B.; CLARK, B. Marx’s ecology and the left. New Left Review, n. 68, 2016. Disponível em: https://monthlyreview.org/2016/06/01/marxs-ecology-and-the-left/. Acesso em: 13 dez. 2024.
FOSTER, J.B.; CLARK, B.; YORK, R. The Ecological Rift: Capitalism’s War on the Earth. Monthly Review Press, 2010.
FRASER, N. Behind Marx’s Hidden Abode. For an Expanded Conception of Capitalism. New Left Review, v. 86, p. 55–72, Mar.-Apr., 2014.
GAARD, G. Ecofeminism revisited: rejecting essentialism and re-placing species in a material feminist environmentalism. Feminist Formations, v. 23, n. 2, p. 26–53, 2011.
GIL, B.M. Moving towards eco-unionism: reflecting the Spanish experience. In: RÄTHZEL, N.; UZZELL, D. (Ed.). Trade Unions in the Green Economy. Routledge, 2013. p. 64–77.
GINGRICH, S. From blue to green: a comparative study of blue-collar unions’ reactions to the climate change threat in the United States and Sweden. In: RÄTHZEL, N.; UZZELL, D. (Ed.). Trade Unions in the Green Economy. Routledge, 2013. p. 214–226.
GOODMAN, J.; SALLEH, A. The ‘Green Economy’: class hegemony and counter-hegemony. Globalizations, v. 10, n. 3, p. 411–424, 2014.
GORZ, A. Critique of Economic Reason. Verso, 1989.
GORZ, A. Critique of economic reason: summary for trade unionists and other left activists. In: MUNCK, R.; WATERMAN, P. (Ed.). Labour Worldwide in the Era of Globalization. Alternative Union Models in the New World Order. Palgrave Macmillan, 1999.
GORZ, A. Ecologica. Seagull, 2010.
GORZ, A. Ecology and freedom. In: A. Gorz, Ecology as Politics. South End Press, 1979
GORZ, A. Farewell to the Working Class. An Essay on Post-Industrial Socialism. Pluto Press, 1982.
GRAF VON HARDENBERG, W.; PELIZZARI, P. The environmental question, employment and development in Italy’s left. Left History, n. 2, p. 77–104, 2008.
GUHA, R.; MARTÍNEZ ALIER, J. Varieties of Environmentalism: Essays North and South. Earthscan, 1997.
HARVEY, D. Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. Blackwell, 1996.
KAIKA, M. ‘Don’t call me resilient again!’: the New Urban Agenda as immunology ellipsis or ellipsis what happens when communities refuse to be vaccinated with ‘smart cities’ and indicators. Environment and Urbanization, v. 29, n. 1, p. 89–102, 2017.
KALLIS, Giorgos. In defense of degrowth: opinions and manifestos. Uneven Earth Press, 2017.
LEONARDI, E. Introduzione. In: GORZ, A. (Ed.). Ecologia e libertà. Orthotes, 2015.
LUKE, T.W. Environmentality. In: DRYZEK, John S.; NORGAARD, Richard B.; SCHLOSBERG, David (Ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society. 2011.
MARTÍNEZ ALIER, J. The Environmentalism of the Poor. A Study of Ecological Conflicts and Valuation. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2002.
MELLOR, M. Feminism and Ecology. New York University Press, 1999.
MELLOR, M. Ecofeminist political economy. International Journal of Green Economics, v. 1, n. 1/2, p. 139–150, 2006.
MERCHANT, C. Radical Ecology. In: Search for a Livable World. 2. ed. Routledge, 2005.
MIES, M.; BENNHOLDT-THOMSEN, V. The subsistence Perspective. Zed Books, 2000.
MIES, M.; SHIVA, V. Ecofeminism. Zed Books, 1993.
MIES, M. Patriarchy and Accumulation on the World Scale. Zed Books, 1996.
MIES, M. Questioning needs: a rejoinder to victor wallis. Capitalism Nature Socialism, v. 17, n. 4, p. 44–47, 2006.
MOORE, J.W. Ecology, capital, and the nature of our times: accumulation & crisis in the capitalist world-ecology. Journal of World-Systems Research, v. XVII, n. 1, p. 108–147, 2011.
MURILLO, L. From sustainable development to a green and fair economy: making the environment a trade union issue. In: RÄTHZEL, N.; UZZELL, D. (Ed.). Trade Unions in the Green Economy. Routledge, 2013. p. 29–40.
O’CONNOR, James. Natural Causes: Essays in Ecological Marxism. New York: Guilford, 1998.
PERKINS, P.E. Feminist ecological economics and sustainability. Journal of Bioeconomics, v. 9, pp. 227–244, 2007. Disponível em: https://www.greeneconomics.net/EllieP-FemEcolEcon.pdf. Acesso em: 12 dez. 2024.
RÄTHZEL, N.; UZZELL, D. Mending the breach between labor and nature: a case for environmental labor studies. In: RÄTHZEL, N.; UZZELL, D. (Ed.). Trade Unions in the Green Economy. Routledge, 2013. p. 1–12.
ROOTES, C. Environmental Protest in Western Europe. Oxford University Press, 2003.
RYLE, M., SOPER, K. Introduction: the ecology of labour. Green Letters 20(2), pp. 119–126. doi: 10.1080/14688417.2016.1164984. Acesso em: 12 dez. 2024.
SALLEH, A. Ecofeminism as Politics: Nature, Marx and the Post-Modern. London: Zed Books, 1997.
SALLEH, A. CNS symposium: ecofeminist dialogues. Capitalism Nature Socialism, v. 17, n. 4, p. 32–141, 2006.
SALLEH, A. From metabolic rift to “Metabolic Value”: reflections on environmental sociology and the alternative globalization movement. Organization & Environment, v. 23, n. 2, p. 205–219, 2010.
SALLEH, A. “Green Economy” or Green Utopia: the salience of reproductive labor Post-Rio+20. American Sociological Association, Volume 18, Number 2, pp. 141-145, 2012. Disponível em: https://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/jwsr/article/view/468/480. Acesso em: 12 dez. 2024.
SILVER, B.J. Forces of Labor. Workers' Movements and Globalization Since 1870. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
SNELL, D.; FAIRBROTHER, P. Just transition and labour environmentalism in Australia. In: RÄTHZEL, N.; UZZELL, D. (Ed.). Trade Unions in the Green Economy. Routledge, 2013. p. 146–161.
SOPER, K. Feminism and ecology: realism and rhetoric in the discourses of nature. Science, Technology, & Human Values, v. 20, n. 3, p. 311–331, 1995.
STEVIS, D. Green jobs? Good jobs? Just jobs? US labour unions confront climate change. In: RÄTHZEL, N.; UZZELL, D. (Ed.). Trade Unions in the Green Economy. Routledge, 2013. p. 179–195.
SWEENEY, P. US trade unions and the challenge of “extreme energy”: the case of the TransCanada Keystone XL pipeline. In: RÄTHZEL, N.; UZZELL, D. (Ed.). Trade Unions in the Green Economy. Routledge, 2013. p. 196–213.
VAN DER LINDEN, M. Workers of the World. Essays toward a Global Labor History. Brill, 2008.
WHITE, D.; RUDY, A. P.; GAREAU, B. J. Environments, Natures and Social Theory: towards a critical hybridity. Macmillan Education UK, 2016.
WILLIAMS, R. Ecology & the Labour Movement. A talk given at the Plinston Hall, Letchworth, 2nd June 1984. Disponível em: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EiFWHtKOcj0. Acesso em: 16 dez. 2024.
Copyright (c) 2024 Stefania Barca; Gustavo de Oliveira Correa (tradutor)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
